Incidence of Dental Caries and Associated Factors in the School Period in a Municipality in Southern Brazil

Abstract Objective: To estimate the incidence of dental caries and associated factors in the school period from six/seven to ten years of age. Material and Methods: A longitudinal study involving 168 children was followed up between 2015 and 2019 in the municipality of Palhoça, Brazil. The dependent variable was the caries incidence rate in the mixed dentition. The independent variables included information regarding demographic and socioeconomic status. Multivariate analyzes were carried out using Poisson Regression with a robust estimator. Variables with p <0.20 in the bivariate analysis were included in the adjusted model. Relative risks were estimated, as well as 95% confidence intervals. Results: Of 168 followed schoolchildren, 32 developed the disease, providing an incidence rate of 19.0%. Female children had a 10% higher risk [RR = 1.10 (95% CI 1.03; 1.18)] of developing caries than males. Also, children born from fathers with ≤ 8 years of schooling at baseline had a 9% higher risk [RR = 1.09 (95% CI 1.01; 1.16)] of developing dental caries compared to fathers with higher education. Conclusion: The incidence of dental caries in a four-year period was 19.0%. Females and children born from fathers with a lower level of education showed higher incidence rates.

Variables tecnológicas predictoras del estrés académico en estudiantes de Enfermería en tiempos de COVID-19 / Technological variables predictors of academic stress in nursing students in times of COVID-19 / Variáveis tecnológicas preditoras do estresse acadêmico em estudantes de Enfermagem em tempos de COVID-19

Objetivo: analizar cuáles son las variables tecnológicas, derivadas del uso de dispositivo electrónico, predicen el estrés académico, y sus dimensiones en estudiantes de enfermería. Método: estudio transversal de tipo analítico, realizado en 796 estudiantes de seis universidades de Perú. Se empleó la escala SISCO y para el análisis se estimaron cuatro modelos de regresión logística, con selección de variables por pasos. Resultados: entre los participantes, 87,6% presentaron un nivel alto de estrés académico; el tiempo de uso del dispositivo electrónico, el brillo de la pantalla, la edad y el sexo, estuvieron asociados con el estrés académico y sus tres dimensiones; la posición de uso del dispositivo electrónico estuvo asociada con la escala total y con las dimensiones estresores y reacciones. Finalmente, la distancia entre el rostro y el dispositivo electrónico estuvo asociada con la escala total y la dimensión reacciones. Conclusión: las variables tecnológicas y las características sociodemográficas predicen el estrés académico en estudiantes de enfermería. Se sugiere optimizar el tiempo de uso de las computadoras, regular el brillo de la pantalla, evitar sentarse en posiciones inadecuadas y vigilar la distancia, con la finalidad de reducir el estrés académico durante la enseñanza a distancia.

Objective: to analyze which technological variables, derived from the use of electronic devices, predict academic stress and its dimensions in Nursing students. Method: analytical cross-sectional study carried out with a total of 796 students from six universities in Peru. The SISCO scale was used and four logistic regression models were estimated for the analysis, with selection of variables in stages. Results: among the participants, 87.6% had a high level of academic stress; time using the electronic device, screen brightness, age and sex were associated with academic stress and its three dimensions; the position of using the electronic device was associated with the total scale and the stressors and reactions dimensions. Finally, the distance between the face and the electronic device was associated with the total scale and size of reactions. Conclusion: technological variables and sociodemographic characteristics predict academic stress in nursing students. It is suggested to optimize the time of use of computers, regulate the brightness of the screen, avoid sitting in inappropriate positions and pay attention to the distance, in order to reduce academic stress during distance learning.

Objetivo: analisar quais variáveis tecnológicas, derivadas do uso de dispositivos eletrônicos, predizem o estresse acadêmico e suas dimensões em estudantes de enfermagem. Método: estudo transversal do tipo analítico, realizado em 796 estudantes de seis universidades do Peru. Foi utilizada a escala SISCO e foram estimados quatro modelos de regressão logística para a análise, com seleção das variáveis por etapas. Resultados: entre os participantes, 87,6% apresentaram alto nível de estresse acadêmico; o tempo de uso do aparelho eletrônico, o brilho da tela, a idade e o sexo foram associados ao estresse acadêmico e suas três dimensões; a posição de uso do aparelho eletrônico foi associada à escala total e às dimensões estressores e reações. Por fim, a distância entre o rosto e o dispositivo eletrônico foi associada à escala total e à dimensão das reações. Conclusão: variáveis tecnológicas e características sociodemográficas predizem estresse acadêmico em estudantes de Enfermagem. Sugere-se otimizar o tempo de uso dos computadores, regular o brilho da tela, evitar sentar-se em posições inadequadas e atentar-se à distância da tela, a fim de diminuir o estresse acadêmico durante o ensino a distância.

Descripción de la ingesta de energía según grado de procesamiento de los alimentos. Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud 2018-19 / Description of energy intake by degree of food processing. National Survey on Nutrition and Health of 2018­2019

Introducción. A nivel mundial los niños, niñas y adolescentes lideran el consumo de productos ultraprocesados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la ingesta de energía según el grado de procesamiento de los alimentos por grupo etario, en la población urbana mayor de 2 años de la Argentina. Población y métodos. Estudio transversal, con datos de la 2da Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud 2018-19, en una muestra probabilística polietápica de localidades urbanas de Argentina. A partir de la información recopilada con el recordatorio de 24 horas, se analizó la ingesta diaria de energía, para cada grupo etario, de 1) alimentos sin procesar o mínimamente procesados; 2) ingredientes culinarios procesados; 3) alimentos procesados, y 4) productos ultraprocesados. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados. En 15 444 individuos mayores de 2 años, los alimentos mínimamente procesados representaron el 34,5 % de la energía diaria; los productos ultraprocesados, el 26,0 %; los alimentos procesados, el 23,0 %, y los ingredientes culinarios, el 16,6 %. El porcentaje de energía aportada por ultraprocesados es mayor en niños, niñas y adolescentes que en los adultos (p <0,01), mientras que para alimentos procesados e ingredientes culinarios la tendencia es opuesta (p <0,01). Las galletitas, los amasados de pastelería, las bebidas azucaradas y las golosinas representaron dos tercios de la energía aportada por ultraprocesados. Conclusión. Los niños, niñas y adolescentes de entornos urbanos de la Argentina presentan la mayor ingesta de energía a partir de productos ultraprocesados. Las políticas alimentarias deben contemplar la situación de cada grupo etario para promover una alimentación más saludable.

Introduction. Worldwide, children and adolescents lead the consumption of ultra-processed foods. The objective of this study was to describe the energy intake by the degree of food processing by age group in the urban population over 2 years of age in Argentina. Population and methods. Cross-sectional study based on data from the 2nd National Survey on Nutrition and Health of 2018­2019 conducted using a multistage probability sample from urban areas of Argentina. Data were collected from a 24-hour recall and were analized, for each age group, the daily energy intake from 1) unprocessed or minimally processed foods; 2) processed culinary ingredients; 3) processed foods; and 4) ultra-processed foods. A descriptive, statistical analysis was performed. Results. In 15 444 individuals older than 2 years, minimally processed foods accounted for 34.5% of daily energy; ultra-processed foods, 26.0%; processed foods, 23.0%; and culinary ingredients, 16.6%. The percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods is higher in children and adolescents than in adults (p < 0.01), while the trend is the opposite from processed foods and culinary ingredients (p < 0.01). Cookies, pastries, sweetened beverage and confectionery accounted for two-thirds of the energy contributed by ultra-processed foods. Conclusion. Children and adolescents in urban areas in Argentina showed the highest energy intake from ultra-processed. Food policies should consider the characteristics of each age group to promote a healthier diet.

Ambliopía no estrábica: revisión sistemática en Hispanoamérica, prevalencia de casos clínicos / Non-strabismic amblyopia: literature review in Hispanic America, prevalence of clinical cases / Ambliopia não estrabísmica: revisão da literatura na América espanhola, prevalência de casos clínicos

La ambliopía es una de las alteraciones que causa mayor impacto y es frecuente en la pérdida de agudeza visual, principalmente en los niños; su prevalencia varía entre 2% y 7%. Por otro lado, es la primera causa de afectación en la visión de adultos. Objetivo. Analizar la prevalencia de la ambliopía no estrábica en distintos grupos etarios en Hispanoamérica. Metodología. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de estudios realizados dentro del período 2014 al 2021 en las bases de datos como: Redalyc, Scielo, Medilib, Dialnet y Google Académico. Se presenta el análisis de cinco estudios relevantes en Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Chile y Cuba. Conclusión. En el estudio de Cuba, se encontró ambliopía en el 1.39%; en Colombia, el 8.10%; en Ecuador, el 5.30%; en Nicaragua el 2.9%; en Chile la incidencia fue del 2.41%, 2.55% y 3.51%, respectivamente para los grupos etarios de 18-38 años, 39-59 años y 60-79 años. Así Colombia es el país en el que se halló la mayor incidencia de ambliopía (8.10%), y Cuba el menor con el 1.39%. Además, la ambliopía refractiva es la más común en los estudios y en cuanto al género, no existen diferencias. Los estudios sobre ambliopía no estrábica son escasos a nivel regional o mundial sobre este tema, por lo que el presente análisis es relevante en esta área de conocimiento. Además, la información presentada aporta a visibilizar la necesidad de promover la realización de exámenes que permitan un diagnóstico y tratamiento adecuados y oportunos.

Amblyopia is one of the alterations that causes the greatest impact and is frequent in the loss of visual acuity, mainly in children; its prevalence varies between 2% and 7%. On the other hand, it is the first cause of vision impairment in adults. Objective. To analyze the prevalence of non-strabismic amblyopia in different age groups in Latin America. Methodology. A systematic review of studies conducted within the period 2014 to 2021 was performed in databases such as: Redalyc, Scielo, Medilib, Dialnet and Google Scholar. The analysis of five relevant studies in Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Chile and Cuba is presented. Conclusion. In the Cuban study, amblyopia was found in 1.39%; in Colombia, 8.10%; in Ecuador, 5.30%; in Nicaragua, 2.9%; in Chile the incidence was 2.41%, 2.55% and 3.51%, respectively for the age groups 18-38 years, 39-59 years and 60-79 years. Thus, Colombia is the country with the highest incidence of amblyopia (8.10%), and Cuba the lowest with 1.39%. In addition, refractive amblyopia is the most common in the studies and as for gender, there are no differences. Studies on non-strabismic amblyopia are scarce at regional or world level on this subject, so the present analysis is relevant in this area of knowledge. In addition, the information presented contributes to make visible the need to promote examinations that allow an adequate and timely diagnosis and treatment.

A ambliopia é um dos distúrbios que causa maior impacto e é frequente na perda da acuidade visual, principalmente em crianças; sua prevalência varia entre 2% e 7%. Por outro lado, é a principal causa de deficiência visual em adultos. Objetivo. Analisar a prevalência da ambliopia não-estrabismo em diferentes faixas etárias na América Latina. Metodologia. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de estudos realizados entre 2014 e 2021 em bancos de dados como: Redalyc, Scielo, Medilib, Dialnet e Google Scholar. É apresentada a análise de cinco estudos relevantes na Colômbia, Equador, Nicarágua, Chile e Cuba. Conclusões. No estudo cubano, a ambliopia foi encontrada em 1,39%; na Colômbia, em 8,10%; no Equador, em 5,30%; na Nicarágua, em 2,9%; no Chile, a incidência foi de 2,41%, 2,55% e 3,51%, respectivamente, nas faixas etárias de 18 a 38 anos, 39 a 59 anos e 60 a 79 anos. Assim, a Colômbia é o país onde foi encontrada a maior incidência de ambliopia (8,10%), e Cuba a menor, com 1,39%. Além disso, a ambliopia refrativa é a mais comum nos estudos e não há diferenças em termos de gênero. Estudos sobre ambliopia não-estrabismo são escassos em nível regional ou global sobre esse tópico, portanto, a presente análise é relevante nessa área de conhecimento. Além disso, as informações apresentadas ajudam a tornar visível a necessidade de promover exames que permitam o diagnóstico e o tratamento adequados e oportunos.

Age-Based Grouping Criteria in Medicine / 中国医学科学院学报

Age,a basic marker of the population,is an indispensable demographic characteristic in medicine.However,the grouping in medicine according to age have problems such as inconsistent grouping criteria and ambiguous definition of age-related terms.Therefore,this article reviews the age-based grouping criteria and the application of related terms in medicine.

Evaluation of clinical, pathological and epidemiological profile of patients with breast cancer in the microregion of Lavras ­ MG

Breast cancer is associated with high frequency and mortality in Brazilian women. There have been limited studies portraying the characteristics of breast cancer cases in the countryside of the state of Minas Gerais for a long period of time, a fact that will allow us to better understand the epidemiology of these tumors. This descriptive study aims to analyze the epidemiology and clinical features of patients with breast cancer treated at a public health service facility in Lavras, MG. Methods: This is a transversal study with 299 women diagnosed with breast cancer between 2002 and 2022, based on data collection from medical records and subsequent descriptive analysis. Results: There were a total of 317 cases, and 299 were eligible for the study. The mean age at diagnosis was 54.2 years, and 36.1% of the patients were under 50 years old at diagnosis. Positive family history was found in 17.0% of the patients. The diagnosis was made by clinical alteration detected on physical examination in 71.5% of cases, and lump was the most frequent type of lesion (89.0%). Invasive carcinoma was 93.1% of the cases, and the mean tumor size was 28.6 mm. The average time between first medical appointment and diagnosis was 63.2 days, and between diagnosis and beginning of treatment was 39.6 days. Conclusions: This study showed that a significant number of cases occurred in women outside the recommended age for screening in Brazil. Diagnosis was predominantly performed by clinical examination, with delays in obtaining the histological diagnosis, and the stage at diagnosis was high, and these facts were associated with the health system limitations (AU)

Cirrosis Hepática Alcohólica: Actualización Epidemiológica De La Tasa De Mortalidad Entre Los Años 2017-2021 En Chile / Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis: Epidemiological Update Of Mortality Rates Between 2017-2021 In Chile

Introducción: La cirrosis hepática alcohólica (CHA) es una etapa final de la enfermedad hepática por alcohol. Dada la falta de análisis epidemiológicos recientes en Chile, el objetivo de este estudio es comparar descriptivamente la tasa de mortalidad (TM) por CHA entre los años 2017-2021 en Chile. Metodología: Estudio observacional y transversal, sobre defunciones por CHA en Chile durante 2017-2021 según sexo y edad (n=2.551). Datos obtenidos del Departamento de Estadística e Información en Salud. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y cálculo de TM. No requirió aprobación del comité de ética. Resultados: Se obtuvo una TM para el período estudiado de 3,98/100.000 habitantes. El sexo masculino presenta la mayor TM con 7,05. El grupo etario de 65-79 años presenta la mayor TM con 9,08/100.000 habitantes. Para TM por región, lidera Los Lagos con 39,84/100.000 habitantes, la menor es Coquimbo con 10,03/100.000 habitantes. Discusión: La mayor TM por CHA se encuentra en hombres, lo cual puede deberse a un mayor consumo social. El grupo etario de 65-79 años presentó la mayor TM, coincidiendo con estadísticas internacionales. El porcentaje de ruralidad pudiera afectar el consumo de alcohol, aumentando la TM por CHA en aquellas más rurales. La prevención es vital para evitar el desarrollo de CHA, siendo crucial establecer programas de salud pública para evitar el consumo de alcohol en Chile. Se identificó una falta de datos epidemiológicos en Chile, por lo que se invita a la actualización de estos.

Introduction: Alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) is one of the final stages of alcoholic-related liver disease (ARLD). Due to the lack of recent epidemiological research in Chile, the main objective of this study is to descriptively compare the mortality rate (MR) due to ALC between the years 2017-2021 in Chile. Methodology: Observational and cross-sectional study, on the number of deaths owing to ALC in Chile during 20172021 according to sex and age (n=2,551). Data obtained from the department of statistics and health information. Descriptive statistics and MR calculation were used. Ethics committee approval was not required. Results: A MR was obtained for the studied period of 3.98/100,000 inhabitants. The male sex submitted the highest MR with 7.05. The age group of 65-79 years presents the highest MR with 9,08/100,000 inhabitants. The region with the highest MR is Los Lagos with 39,84/100.000 inhabitants and the one with the lowest is Coquimbo with 10,03/100.000 inhabitants. Discussion: The highest MR is found in men, which may be due the fact that, socially, men consume more alcohol than women. The age group of 65-79 years presented the highest MR, which coincides with the international statistics. The percentage of rurality impacts the alcohol consumption increasing the MR due to ALD in the most rural areas. Prevention is vital to avoid its development, so it's crucial to establish public health programs to avoid alcohol consumption in Chile. A lack of updated epidemiological information has been identified in our country, therefore it is invited to update the epidemiological data.

Tasas de Egreso Hospitalario por Torsión Ovárica en el período 2018-2021 en Chile según grupo etario: Un estudio descriptivo / Ovarian Torsion Hospital Discharge Rates in the period 2018-2021 in Chile according to age group: A descriptive study

Introducción: La torsión ovárica (TO) es la rotación completa o parcial del ovario por sobre su propio pedículo vascular. El objetivo es comparar descriptivamente las tasas de egreso hospitalario (TEH) por TO en el período 2018-2021 en Chile. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Los datos de egresos hospitalarios por TO en Chile entre 20182021 (n=1.599) según grupo etario y días de estadía hospitalaria se obtuvieron del Departamento de Estadísticas e Información de Salud. Se calculó la TEH. No se requirió comité de ética. Resultados: Se determinó una TEH por TO de 4,33/100.000 habitantes entre los años 2018 y 2021, siendo el año 2021 la mayor con 5,92. Los grupos etarios de 10-14 y 15-19 años registraron las mayores TEH de 8,5 y 7,55, respectivamente. El promedio de días de estadía hospitalaria por TO entre los años 2018-2021 fue de 2,15 días, siendo el año 2018 el mayor con 2,3 días. Pacientes de 80 años y más presentaron la mayor duración de estancia hospitalaria con 3,37 días. Discusión: La TEH por TO en Chile aumentó durante los últimos años. En 2020-2021 las mayores TEH por TO se encontraron entre los 10-19 años, probablemente por aumentos en la prevalencia de síndrome de ovario poliquístico en Chile. Los grupos de mayor edad registraron la mayor duración de estancia hospitalaria, pudiendo deberse a una mayor susceptibilidad a complicaciones postquirúrgicas. Considerando la escasa fuente de información al respecto, nuestro estudio permite dar a conocer un perfil epidemiológico nacional actualizado.

Introduction: Ovarian Torsion (OT) is complete or partial rotation of the ovary above its vascular pedicle. The objective is to descriptively compare the Hospital Discharge Rates (HDR) for OT in the period 2018-2021 in Chile. Material and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. The data of hospital discharge for OT in Chile between 20182021 (n=1,599) according to age group and days of hospital stay were obtained from the Department of Health Information Statistics. HDR was calculated. No ethics committee was required. Results: An HDR for OT of 4.33/100.000 population was determined between the years 2018 and 2021, with 2021 being the highest with 5.92. The age groups of 10-14 and 15-19 years old registered the highest HDR of 8.5 and 7.55, respectively. The average number of days of hospital stay for OT between the years 2018-2021 was 2.15 days, with 2018 being the longest year with 2.3 days. Patients 80 years and older had the longest hospital length of stay with 3.37 days. Discussion: The HDR for OT in Chile has increased in recent years. In 2020-2021 the highest HDR for OT were found between 10-19 years old, probably due to increases in the prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in Chile. The oldest age groups recorded the longest average hospital length of stay, which may be due to increased susceptibility to postoperative complications. Considering the limited source of information in this regard, our study allows us to present an updated national epidemiological profile.

Obstructive sleep apnea screening in different age groups: performance of the Berlin, STOP-Bang questionnaires and Epworth Sleepiness Scale

Abstract Objective To evaluate the performance of the Berlin Questionnaire, the STOP-Bang Questionnaire, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in screening for the disease in adults of different age groups by comparing them with polysomnography. Methods Cross-sectional study with prospective patient allocation, in which individuals underwent a medical interview, completion of the three screening instruments, and polysomnography. Individuals were categorized into three age groups: 18-39, 40-59, and ≥60 years. The results of the screening instruments were compared to the diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders—third edition. Performance was assessed using 2 × 2 contingency tables, estimating sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, likelihood ratio, and accuracy. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were also constructed and the area under the curve was estimated for each instrument by age group. Results We obtained a sample with 321 individuals suitable for analysis. The mean age was 50 years, with a predominance of females (56%). The prevalence of the disease in the overall sample was 79%, more prevalent in males in any age group and more frequent in the middle age group. The analyzes revealed that STOP-Bang performed better, both for the overall sample and for all age groups, followed by Berlin Questionnaire and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Conclusion In an outpatient setting with individuals with characteristics similar to those in this study, it seems sensible to choose the STOP-Bang as a screening tool for the disease, regardless of age group. Level of evidence according the guide for authors: level 2.

Influence of age and gender on knee and hip isometric strength of recreational physically active young and middle-aged subjects / Influencia de la edad y el sexo en la fuerza isométrica de la rodilla y la cadera de personas jóvenes y de mediana edad que practican actividades físicas recreativas / Influência da idade e do sexo na força isométrica do joelho e do quadril de indivíduos jovens e de meia idade praticantes recreacionais de atividades físicas

ABSTRACT Muscle strength is an essential part of the functional assessment of health professionals to select and analyze the effects of clinical interventions. This study aimed to determine the influence of gender and age on isometric strength of hip and knee muscle groups. A total of 127 subjects (50.4% men), aged from 20 to 49 years (stratified into three groups: 20-29 years; 30-39 years; and 40-49 years) participated in this study. A hand-held dynamometer was used to measure isometric normalized torque of the hip abductors, hip external rotators, knee extensors, and knee flexors muscles. Regressions and a two-way analysis of variance were used to identify the influence of age and gender on torque of each muscle group. Age and gender were included in the regression model for all groups. Generally, men aged 20-29 and 30-39 were stronger than age-paired women. For participants aged 40-49, torque was similar for men and women for all muscle groups. There was no difference among age groups for women. Generally, young men were stronger than older men. The association between age and gender in hip and knee strength was proved and liable of subgroup stratification after measurements with a hand-held isometric dynamometer.

RESUMEN La fuerza muscular es un componente básico de la evaluación funcional de los profesionales de la salud para seleccionar y analizar los efectos de las intervenciones clínicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la influencia del sexo y de la edad en las mediciones de fuerza isométrica de los grupos musculares de la cadera y la rodilla. En el estudio participaron 127 sujetos (50,4% hombres), de entre 20 y 49 años de edad (estratificados en grupos: 20 a 29 años; 30 a 39 años; y 40 a 49 años). El torque isométrico normalizado de los abductores y rotadores externos de la cadera y de los extensores y flexores de la rodilla se midió con un dinamómetro manual. Se utilizaron regresiones y el análisis de varianza (Anova) para identificar la influencia de la edad y el sexo en el torque. Tanto la edad como el sexo se incluyeron en el modelo para todos los grupos musculares. En general, los hombres de entre 20 y 29 años y los de 30 a 39 mostraron tener más fuerza que las mujeres del mismo grupo de edad. Para los participantes de 40 a 49 años, el torque fue similar entre hombres y mujeres para todos los grupos musculares. No hubo diferencias entre los grupos de edad en el grupo de mujeres. En general, los hombres más jóvenes demostraron ser más fuertes que los hombres de mediana edad. La relación entre la edad y el sexo en la fuerza muscular de la cadera y la rodilla se probó y demostró ser susceptible a la estratificación después de las mediciones realizadas con el dinamómetro manual.

RESUMO A força muscular é um componente essencial da avaliação funcional de profissionais da saúde para selecionar e analisar efeitos de intervenções clínicas. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a influência do sexo e da idade sobre medidas de força isométrica de grupos musculares do quadril e do joelho. Participaram da pesquisa 127 sujeitos (50,4% homens), com idade de 20 a 49 anos (estratificados em grupos: 20 a 29 anos; 30 a 39 anos; e 40 a 49 anos). O torque isométrico normalizado de abdutores e rotadores externos de quadril e extensores e flexores de joelho foi medido com dinamômetro manual. Regressões e uma análise de variância (Anova) foram usados para identificar a influência da idade e do sexo sobre o torque. Tanto idade quanto sexo foram incluídos no modelo para todos os grupos musculares. Em geral, homens de 20 a 29 anos e de 30 a 39 anos demonstraram mais força do que mulheres da mesma faixa etária. Para participantes de 40 a 49 anos, o torque foi similar entre homens e mulheres para todos os grupos musculares. Não houve diferença entre as faixas etárias no grupo de mulheres. Em geral, homens mais jovens se mostraram mais fortes do que homens mais velhos. A relação entre idade e sexo na força muscular do quadril e do joelho foi provada e se mostrou passível de estratificação após as medições feitas com o dinamômetro manual.

Comparative clinical and imaging study of C 3, 4 spondylotic myelopathy in different age groups / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To compare the clinical features, X-ray, CT, MRI imaging findings of C 3, 4 single segment cervical spondylotic myelopathy among the elderly group, the middle-aged group and the young group. Methods:The medical records and imaging data of 51 cases of single segment C 3, 4 cervical spondylotic myelopathy treated from January 2017 to December 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. There were 10 cases in the young group, including 8 males and 2 females, 23-44 years, with an average age of 35.8±7.62 years; 14 cases in the middle-aged group, including 9 males and 5 females, 48-60 years, with an average age of 53.21±4.14 years; 27 cases in the elderly group, including 24 males and 3 females, 61-84 years, with an average age of 68.04±5.97 years. Based on the medical record data, the differences in clinical manifestations among the three groups (initial symptoms, symptom distribution, pathological sign distribution and JOA score) were analyzed. Based on the imaging data, the static factors (cervical osteophyte, alignment and thickness of cervical ligamentum flavum) and dynamic factors [overall cervical range of motion (ROM), individual segment cervical ROM, cervical instability and cervical nuchal ligament calcification] were analyzed. Anatomical factors (C 2-C 7 Cobb angle, C 4-C 7 Cobb angle, C 3 vertebral canal diameter, C 4 vertebral diameter, C 3 Pavlov ratio, C 4 Pavlov ratio) and spinal cord compression (spinal cord signal, compression position and compression nature) were also analyzed. Results:There were no statistically significant difference in gender distribution and height in three groups of patients ( P>0.05). In terms of clinical manifestations, there were statistically significant differences among the three groups in initial symptoms and chief symptoms ( P<0.05). The elderly group had upper limb weakness as the first symptom, lower limb weakness and abnormal gait as the chief complaint; the middle-aged group had upper limb numbness as the first symptom, upper limb numbness and weakness as the chief complaint; the young group had upper limb pain as the first symptom, upper limb numbness as the chief complaint. There were statistically significant differences in Hoffmann sign and Babinski sign among the three groups ( P<0.05). Hoffmann sign and Babinski sign were more common in the elderly group than in the young group ( P<0.05). There were significant differences among the three groups in total JOA score, JOA score of motor and lower limb motor JOA ( P<0.05). The total JOA score in the elderly group was lower than that in the young group ( P<0.05), especially for motor JOA score ( P<0.05), and lower limb motor JOA score ( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in first symptoms distribution, symptoms distribution, biceps reflex, triceps reflex, radial reflex or knee tendon reflex among the three groups ( P>0.05). In terms of static factors, there was significant difference in alignment and thickness of cervical ligamentum flavum among the three groups (P<0.05). The elderly group was more prone to slip than the young and middle aged groups ( P<0.05). The thickness of ligamentum flavum in the elderly group (2.18±0.68 mm) was thicker than that in the young group (1.60±0.30 mm) and the middle-elderly group (1.60±0.62 mm) ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in cervical osteophyte among the three groups ( P>0.05). In terms of dynamic factors, there were statistically significant difference in C 3-C 7 ROM, C 4-C 7 ROM, C 3, 4 ROM and ossification of nuchal ligament among the three groups ( P<0.05). In the elderly group, C 3-C 7 ROM (22.18°) was larger than that in the young group (21.27°) ( P<0.05), while in the elderly group C 4-C 7 ROM (9.60°) was smaller than that in the young group (14.19°) ( P<0.05). In the elderly group, C 3, 4 ROM (15.30°) was larger than that in the young group (9.97°) ( P<0.05), and the elderly group was more prone to nuchal ligament calcification than the young and the middle-elderly group ( P<0.05). There were no significant difference among the three groups in C 4, 5 ROM, C 5, 6 ROM, C 6, 7 ROM or cervical instability ( P>0.05). For spinal cord compression, there were statistically significant differences among the three groups in the compression nature, compression location and MRI T2WI spinal cord signal ( P<0.05). The elderly group was more prone to anterior and posterior bony compression. The elderly group was more likely to show high signal intensity on spinal cord MRI T2WI than the young group ( P<0.05). For anatomical factors, there were statistically significant differences in C 2-C 7 Cobb, C 3 vertebral diameter and C 3 Pavolv among the three groups ( P<0.05) . The C 2-C 7 Cobb of the elderly group (21.06°) was larger than that of the young group (16.45°) ( P<0.05), and the C 3 diameter of the elderly group (9.61±0.33 mm) was smaller than that of the young group (10.38±1.19 mm) ( P<0.05). The C 3 Pavolv of the elderly group (0.52±0.03) was lower than that of the young group (0.59±0.11) ( P<0.05). In the presence of lordosis, C 4-C 7 Cobb in the elderly group (4.96°±4.05°) was smaller than that in the young group (12.42°±4.83°) and the middle-aged group (10.07°±6.14°) ( P<0.05). In the presence of kyphosis, C 4-C 7 Cobb in the elderly group (4.02°±1.19°) was larger than that in the young group (0.06°±0.01°) and the middle-aged group (1.83°±0.93°) ( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in C 3-C 7 Cobb, C 4 vertebral diameter or C 4 Pavolv among the three groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Young patients mostly have anteriorly soft compression of disc herniation, and most of them complain of neck and upper limb pain, while spinal cord compression and clinical manifestations are relatively mild. For the elderly patients, most of them have C 3 retrolisthesis, with the pinching type bony compression of spinal cord from both anteriorly and posteriorly, and their complaints are usually upper limb numbness, mostly accompanied by radiographically severe spinal cord compression and clinically gait abnormalities. In the middle-aged patients, the rigid compression of anterior calcified disc herniation is the main reason, and the numbness of upper limb is the chief complain.

Career social representations: a study with professionals of different ages / Representações sociais de carreira: um estudo com profissionais de diferentes idades / Representaciones sociales de carrera: un estudio con profesionales de diferentes edades

This research aims to analyze the formation and structure of career social representations (SR) for professionals of different ages who work in the business area. The Theory of Social Representations (TSR) guided the study carried out in a sample of 174 young professionals (between 18 and 29 years old) and 105 older professionals (from 45 years old). Methodologically, a questionnaire containing questions in free evocation format was applied, and the data were submitted to OpenEvoc and Iramuteq software. The results of the structure and dynamics of career SR for the groups indicated, at the same time, the presence of similar and distinct elements. Moreover, these results contradict, in part, the literature on career and generational characteristics, indicating the relevance of aspects related to the socio-historical context to explain career SR. The data contribute to the understanding of career SR, enabling new debates and (re)readings. (AU)

Esta pesquisa busca analisar a formação e a estrutura das representações sociais (RS) de carreira para profissionais de diferentes idades inseridos na área de negócios. O estudo realizado em uma amostra de 174 profissionais jovens (entre 18 e 29 anos) e de 105 profissionais mais velhos (a partir de 45 anos) teve como norteador a Teoria das Representações Sociais (TRS). Metodologicamente, foi aplicado um questionário que continha questões em formato de evocação livre, sendo os dados submetidos aos softwares OpenEvoc e Iramuteq. Os resultados da estrutura e da dinâmica das RS de carreira para os grupos indicaram, ao mesmo tempo, a presença de elementos semelhantes e distintos. Também, esses resultados contradizem, em parte, a literatura sobre carreira e características geracionais, indicando a relevância de aspectos relacionados ao contexto sócio-histórico para explicar as RS de carreira. Os dados contribuem para o entendimento das RS de carreira, possibilitando novos debates e (re)leituras. (AU)

Esta investigación busca analizar la formación y la estructura de las representaciones sociales (RS) de carrera para profesionales de diferentes edades que actúan en el área empresarial. El estudio realizado con una muestra de 174 profesionales jóvenes (entre 18 y 29 años) y 105 profesionales mayores (a partir de 45 años) se orientó por la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales (TRS). Metodológicamente, se aplicó un cuestionario que contenía preguntas en un formato de evocación libre. Los datos se analizaron mediante el software OpenEvoc e Iramuteq. Los resultados de la estructura y la dinámica de las RS de carrera de los grupos indicaron, al mismo tiempo, la presencia de elementos similares y distintos. Además, estos resultados contradicen parcialmente la literatura sobre carrera y características generacionales, indicando la relevancia de aspectos relacionados con el contexto para explicar las RS de carrera. Los datos contribuyen a la comprensión de las RS de carrera, posibilitando nuevos debates y (re)lecturas. (AU)

Validity evidence for the Cognitive Screening test in stroke patients / Evidências de validade para o instrumento Triagem Cognitiva em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral / Evidencias de validez del instrumento de Cribado de Deterioro Cognitivo en pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular

Cognitive deficits are common among post-stroke patients. Cognitive impairments of this sort are mediated by age and education. In Brazil, the only specific cognitive screening tool designed for post-stroke patients is the Cognitive Screening Test (Triagem Cognitiva - TRIACOG). The goal of this study was to investigate validity evidence related to external variables for the TRIACOG. Our sample included 153 adults and elderly people (M = 60.08, SD = 9.61) from Porto Alegre and metropolitan area, comprising 87 post-stroke patients and 66 healthy individuals. Three-way ANOVAs were used to assess main effects and interactions between the variables group (clinical/control), age and education. An influence of group and age on scores in the TRIACOG was found. We emphasize the relevance of these results to the selection of cut-off points for the tasks and cognitive functions assessed by the instrument, considering education and age, so as to allow more accurate identification of deficits in post-stroke patients. (AU)

Déficits cognitivos são comuns em pacientes após acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). O prejuízo cognitivo causado por esse evento é mediado por variáveis etárias e de escolaridade. No Brasil, o único instrumento de rastreio cognitivo específico para o pós-AVC é a Triagem Cognitiva (TRIACOG). O objetivo deste estudo é investigar evidências de validade relacionadas a variáveis externas da TRIACOG. Participaram do estudo 153 adultos e idosos (M = 60,08; DP = 9,61) de Porto Alegre e região metropolitana, sendo 87 pacientes pós-AVC e 66 saudáveis. Three-way ANOVA foi utilizada para indicar os efeitos e interações entre variáveis de grupo, etárias e educacionais. Observou-se a influência dos fatores de grupo e idade nos escores da TRIACOG. Ressalta-se a relevância dos resultados para a construção de pontos de corte para tarefas e funções do instrumento, considerando aspectos educacionais e etários, aumentando a precisão na identificação de déficits em pacientes pós-AVC. (AU)

Los déficits cognitivos son comunes en pacientes después de un accidente cerebrovascular. El deterioro cognitivo causado por este evento está mediado por variables de edad y educación. En Brasil, la única herramienta de detección cognitiva específica para después de un accidente cerebrovascular es el Cribado de Deterioro Cognitivo (TRIACOG). El propósito de este estudio fue investigar evidencias de validez relacionadas con las variables externas de TRIACOG. Participaron en el estudio un total de 153 adultos y ancianos (M = 60.08; DS= 9.61) de Porto Alegre y región metropolitana, de los cuales, 87 eran pacientes posictus y 66 eran sanos. Se utilizó Three-way ANOVA para indicar los efectos y las interacciones entre las variables de grupo, edad y escolarización. Se observó la influencia de factores de grupo y edad en las puntuaciones del TRIACOG. Se enfatiza la relevancia de los resultados para la construcción de puntos de corte para tareas y funciones del instrumento, teniendo en cuenta aspectos educativos y de edad, aumentando la precisión en la identificación de déficits en pacientes posictus. (AU)

Perfil e distribuição espacial de óbitos por COVID-19 no município de Rio Grande/RS em 2020 / rofile and spatial distribution of COVID-19 deaths in the municipality of Rio Grande/RS in 2020

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil de óbitos por COVID-19 no município de Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, com dados oriundos do banco de óbitos da Vigilância Epidemiológica, registrados no período de março a dezembro de 2020. Resultados: Dos 194 óbitos, a maioria era do sexo masculino (63,4%), com 60 anos ou mais (82,5%), de cor da pele branca (82,5%), residentes na região central histórica do município (11,3%). Quanto à ocupação, a maior ocorrência de óbitos foi entre os aposentados (69,5%), seguido por comerciante ou autônomo (17,7%). Com relação às morbidades, 38,7% tinha cardiopatias, 29,4% hipertensão arterial sistêmica, 28,0% diabetes mellitus e praticamente a metade dos indivíduos tinha multimorbidade (49,0%). Conclusões: Com a identificação do perfil de óbitos por COVID-19 no município de Rio Grande no período de março a dezembro de 2020, esses dados podem contribuir para auxiliar os gestores no planejamento de ações estratégicas e educativas de prevenção e combate à COVID-19, principalmente no direcionamento de grupos prioritários nas campanhas de vacinação (AU)

Objective: Describe the COVID-19 death profile in the city of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study using data from the Epidemiological Surveillance service deaths database of deaths notified from March to December 2020. Results: Of the 194 deaths, most were male (63.4%), aged 60 years or more (82.5%), of white skin color (82.5%), and living in the central historic district of the city (11.3%). With regard to occupation, the highest occurrence of deaths was among retirees (69.5%), followed by tradesmen or the self-employed (17.7%). Regarding morbidities, 38.7% had heart disease, 29.4% hypertension, 28.0% diabetes mellitus, and practically half of the individuals had multiple morbidities (49.0%). Conclusions: We identified the profile of COVID-19 deaths in the city of Rio Grande in the period from March to December 2020. These data can help health service managers to plan strategic and educational actions to prevent and combat COVID-19, mainly by targeting priority groups in vaccination campaigns

Comportamiento sexual de pacientes con infección por VIH según grupos de edad / Sexual behavior among patients with HIV according to age groups

Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia y conductas de riesgo por grupos de edad entre pacientes con infección por VIH. Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico transversal de pacientes que acuden al servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas a recibir tratamiento antirretroviral. Resultados: De 117 personas que ingresaron al estudio, se observó que el grupo etario de los jóvenes varones con infección por VIH señalaron una orientación homosexual (HSH) en 64,5% y una mayor tasa de haber sufrido abuso sexual (29%) respecto al resto. En adultos el uso de métodos anticonceptivos es 71,4% y superior al resto de grupos de edad, la concurrencia a lugares de riesgo (visita a trabajadoras sexuales de la calle) se encuentra mayoritariamente en el rango de 45 a 90 años. El rol homosexual activo de los hombres con VIH representa 66,7%. Los hallazgos enfatizan la necesidad de realizar más estudios que profundicen el tema del abuso sexual en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes, debido a la alta prevalencia encontrada en este estudio(AU)

Our objective was to determine the prevalence and risk behaviors by age groups in patients with HIV infection. A cross-sectional analytical observational study of patients attending the Infectious Diseases service to receive antiretroviral treatment was carried out.Results: Out of 117 people who entered the study, it was observed that the age group of young men with HIV infection indicated a homosexual orientation (MSM) 64.5%; and a higher rate of having suffered sexual abuse (29%) in comparison to the others. In adults, the use of contraceptive methods is 71.4%, and higher than the rest of the age groups, attendance at places of risk (visits to street sex workers) is mostly in the range of 45 to 90 years. The active homosexual role of men with HIV represents 66.7%. The findings emphasize the need for more studies that delve into the issue of sexual abuse in adolescents and young adults, due to the high prevalence found in this study(AU)

Comparison of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) vaccine side effects by age groups

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This online survey aims to compare the side effects that may occur after inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) vaccination by age groups. METHODS: A total of 411 participants aged 18-100 who received inactivated coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine were included in the study. RESULTS: Participants were divided into four groups according to their ages (i.e., 20-35, 36-50, 51-65, and over 65 years old). Vaccine-related side effects were primarily seen in the 20-35 age group and at least in the >65 age group (p<0.001). The most common side effects were pain, redness, swelling, and numbness at the injection site. Fatigue and headache were other common side effects. After vaccination, 3 (0.73%) participants had hypertension, and 1 (0.24%) had an asthma attack and was admitted to the hospital. No severe side effects were observed in any of the patients. The most critical factors determining the development of side effects were female gender and young age. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, different types and rates of side effects are seen in all age groups after the inactivated coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine. Since the 20-35 age group and female gender are at risk of side effects, it would be more appropriate to follow up the side effects after vaccination according to gender and age.

Los ritmos de crecimiento de la fuerza en niños ecuatorianos de 6-12 años, sexo masculino y femenino

Para la selección de probables talentos deportivos, se han presentado diversos procedimientos de determinación con indicadores, a partir de las capacidades físicas, incluyendo la fuerza. La fuerza permite oponerse a una resistencia por medio de una tensión muscular. Esta es una capacidad física, base del rendimiento deportivo, por lo que es útil establecer su evolución en las etapas de iniciación deportiva desde una perspectiva metodológica especializada. Por ello, el propósito de la investigación es determinar la dinámica de los tiempos de crecimiento de la capacidad de fuerza, en el grupo etario entre 6-12 años de edad en ambos géneros. Se emplea una investigación de tipo descriptivo-analítica, se aplican tres test de determinación de fuerza (Salto sin carrera de impulso, Abdominales en 30s y Flexiones de codo en 30s) a una muestra representativa de 412 niñas y 633 niños entre los 6-12 años de edad de las 24 provincias del Ecuador, determinándose los ritmos de crecimiento de la capacidad física de fuerza en niños ecuatorianos en el rango etario mencionado, ambos géneros.

Para a escolha dos prováveis talentos desportivos, foram apresentados vários procedimentos para a determinação de índices baseados nas capacidades físicas, entre os quais, a força. A força torna possível opor resistência por meio de tensão muscular. Esta é uma capacidade física, a base do rendimento desportivo, e é por isso que é útil para estabelecer a sua evolução nas fases de iniciação desportiva a partir de uma perspectiva metodológica especializada. Por conseguinte, o objectivo da pesquisa é determinar a dinâmica dos tempos de crescimento da capacidade de força no grupo etário entre os 6-12 anos de idade em ambos os sexos. É utilizado um tipo descritivo-analítico de investigação, aplicando três testes para determinar a força (saltos sem corrida de impulso, sit-ups em 30s e flexões de cotovelo em 30s) a uma amostra representativa de 412 miúdas e 633 rapazes entre os 6-12 anos de idade das 24 províncias do Equador, determinando as taxas de crescimento da capacidade física de força das crianças equatorianas na referida faixa etária, ambos os sexos.

For the selection of probable sports talents, several determination procedures have been presented with indicators, based on physical capacities, including strength. Strength makes it possible to oppose endurance by means of muscular tension. This is a physical capacity, the basis of sports performance, so it is useful to establish its evolution in the stages of sports initiation from a specialized methodological perspective. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to determine the dynamics of the growth times of the strength capacity, in the age group between 6-12 years old in both genders. A descriptive-analytical type of research is used, three strength determination tests are applied (jump without impulse running, 30s abdominals and 30s elbow flexion) to a representative sample of 412 girls and 633 boys between 6-12 years of age from the 24 provinces of Ecuador, determining the growth rates of the physical capacity of strength in Ecuadorian children in the mentioned age range, both genders.

Vitamin D: a 14-year retrospective study at a clinical laboratory in Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to assess vitamin D (25OHD) levels in individuals who underwent an examination at a private laboratory (between latitudes 14° and 22° south) over 14 years, stratified by sex, age, and epidemiological profiles, and determine variations in the number of tests performed over the years. Materials and methods: All records of 25OHD tests performed at a private clinical laboratory in Brazil were analyzed. This retrospective cross-sectional study included patients stratified by sex (female or male), age range (0-17, 18-40, 41-59, and ≥ 60 years), and year of testing. The final sample size was 193,725 patients. Categorical variables are presented as absolute and relative frequencies and numerical variables as means ± standard deviation. Comparisons between groups were performed using the equality of proportions test. Results: The number of tests performed steeply increased since 2010. More tests were performed in female individuals (73.3%) and individuals aged 41-59 years (32.2%). Most samples (68.0%) demonstrated sufficient vitamin D status. Women had a higher incidence of vitamin D deficiency than men (33.1% and 26.6%, respectively; p < 0.001). Individuals aged ≥ 60 years had the highest incidence of vitamin D deficiency (68.4%), while individuals aged 0-17 years had the lowest (32.2%) (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Despite increased testing and attention given to vitamin D in recent years, our study demonstrates high levels of deficiency in a country with geographical conditions favorable to its production.

Ansiedad y adaptación a la pandemia en México: Un estudio transversal / Anxiety and adaptation to pandemic in Mexico: A cross-sectional study

RESUMEN Introducción: Un aspecto que cobra relevancia en la situación actual de pandemia, es los probables efectos psicológicos que ésta pueda provocar. Una serie de estudios han mostrado cómo resultado, que estas situaciones de crisis tienen efectos como que las personas desarrollen procesos de ansiedad. De ahí el interés de conocer cómo los hábitos de salud ayudan a la adaptación a la pandemia y a mediar en los procesos de ansiedad. Objetivo: analizar la relación de los hábitos de salud con la ansiedad y la adaptación al confinamiento. Método: Participaron 7,439 personas de México, con edades entre 18 y 80 años (M= 36.99, DE=14.00). Resultados: Encontramos que los hábitos de sueño (58%), alimentación (29%) y actividad física (52%) se han visto afectados por el confinamiento; el 11.5% de los participantes mostraron indicadores de ansiedad. El 9% se adaptó mal al confinamiento. La variable que mejor predice la adaptación al confinamiento es la ansiedad, seguido de la alimentación, el sueño y la actividad física. Quienes más se ven afectados en los hábitos son los jóvenes y por género las mujeres. Conclusiones: La pandemia ha provocado modificaciones negativas en los hábitos en un sector amplio de la población, llegando a poder ser considerados como factores de riesgo para la salud física y mental. Además, los hábitos se asocian a la ansiedad y la adaptación, por lo que es necesario dotar a la sociedad de estrategias que permitan un adecuado manejo de los hábitos lo que puede prevenir la manifestación de ansiedad.

ABSTRACT Background: An aspect that becomes relevant in the current pandemic situation is the probable psychological effects that it may cause. A series of studies have shown that these kinds of critical situations have effects such as the development of anxiety processes in people. Hence the interest in knowing how health habits help to adapt to the pandemic and mediate anxiety processes. Objective: to analyze the relationship of healthy habits with anxiety and adaptation to confinement. Method: 7,439 people from Mexico participated, with ages between 18 and 80 years (M= 36.99,SD= 14.00). Results: We found that sleep (58%), eating (29%) and physical activity (52%) habits have been affected by confinement; 11.5% of the participants showed indicators of anxiety. The 9% of participants adapted poorly to confinement. The variable that best predicts adaptation to confinement is anxiety, followed by food, sleep, and physical activity. Those who are most affected by habits are young people and women by gender. Conclusions: The pandemic has led to changes in negative habits in a large sector of the population, which are now considered risk factors for physical and mental health. In addition, habits are associated with anxiety and adaptation, so it is necessary to provide society with strategies that allow proper management of habits, which can prevent the manifestation of anxiety.

Serological prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Mardan district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan / Prevalência sorológica do vírus da hepatite B (HBV) no distrito de Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Hepatitis B virus infection is perilous among the five types of Hepatitis, as it remains clinically asymptomatic. The present study draws up-to-date prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the general population of Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The blood samples from 4803 individuals including 2399 male and 2404 females were investigated. All the suspected samples were analyzed for hepatitis B surface antigen using Immuno-chromatographic test (ICT), Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and followed by Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results showed that 312 (13.00%) out of 2399 individuals contained antibodies in their blood against HBV, while among the different age groups, the highest incidences of HBV antibodies were found in the age of 21-30 groups (10.73%). Furthermore, the ICT positive samples were screened by nested polymerase chain reaction to detect the existence of active HBV-DNA. It was observed that 169 (7.04%) out of (2399) male of the total population (4803) tested was positive. On the other hand, the female 463 (19.25%) possessed antibodies in their blood against HBV. Accumulatively, our results showed a higher percentage of HBV prevalence in males than females in the age group 21-30 years. The total HCV infected in Mardan general population was recorded at 5.7% comprising both male and female.

A infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B é perigosa entre os cinco tipos de hepatite, pois permanece clinicamente assintomática. O presente estudo traça a prevalência atualizada do vírus da hepatite B (HBV) na população geral de Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, no Paquistão. Amostras de sangue de 4.803 indivíduos, incluindo 2.399 homens e 2.404 mulheres, foram investigadas. Todas as amostras suspeitas foram analisadas para o antígeno de superfície da hepatite B usando teste imunocromatográfico (ICT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), seguido por transcrição reversa-reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR). Os resultados mostraram que 312 (13,00%) de 2.399 indivíduos continham anticorpos no sangue contra o VHB, enquanto, entre as diferentes faixas etárias, as maiores incidências de anticorpos VHB foram encontradas nos grupos de 21 a 30 anos (10,73%). Além disso, amostras positivas para ICT foram rastreadas por reação em cadeia da polimerase aninhada para detectar a existência de HBV-DNA ativo. Observou-se que 169 (7,04%) de 2.399 homens do total da população (4803) testados foram positivos. Por outro lado, 463 mulheres (19,25%) possuíam anticorpos no sangue contra VHB. Acumulativamente, nossos resultados mostraram uma porcentagem maior de prevalência de HBV em homens do que em mulheres na faixa etária de 21 a 30 anos. O total de HCV infectados na população geral de Mardan foi registrado em 5,7%, incluindo homens e mulheres.